Glossary of Musical Terms

Glossary of Musical Terms

Term Definition A cappella - One or more vocalists performing without an accompaniment. Accelerando - A symbol used in musical notation indicating to gradually quicken tempo. Accessible - Music that is easy to listen to and understand. Adagio - A tempo having slow movement; restful at ease. Allegro - A direction to play lively and fast. Atonal - Music that is written and performed without regard to any specific key. Baroque - Time in music history ranging from the middle of the 16th to the middle of the 17th centuries. Characterized by emotional, flowery music; written in strict form. Beat - The unit of musical rhythm. Cadence - A sequence of chords that brings an end to a phrase, either in the middle or the end of a composition. Cadenza - Initially an improvised cadence by a soloist; later becoming an elaborate and written out passage in an aria or concerto, featuring the skills of an instrumentalist or vocalist. Cadenza - Originally an improvised cadence by a soloist. Later it became a written out passage to display performance skills of an instrumentalist or performer. Canon - A musical form where the melody or tune is imitated by individual parts at regular intervals. The individual parts may enter at different measures and pitches. The tune may also be played at different speeds, backwards, or inverted. Cantabile - A style of singing which is characterized by the easy and flowing tone of the composition. Cantata - Music written for chorus and orchestra. Most often religious in nature. Capriccio - A quick, improvisational, spirited piece of music. Carol - A song or hymn celebrating Christmas. Castrato - Male singers who were castrated to preserve their alto and soprano vocal range. Cavatina - A short and simple melody performed by a soloist that is part of a larger piece. Chamber music - Written for 2 to 10 solo parts featuring one instrument to a part. Each part bears the same importance. Chant - Singing in unison, texts in a free rhythm. Similar to the rhythm of speech. Choir - Group of singers in a chorus. Chorale - A hymn sung by the choir and congregation often in unison. Chord - 3 or 4 notes played simultaneously in harmony. Chord progression - A string of chords played in succession. Chorus - A group singing in unison. Chromatic scale - Includes all twelve notes of an octave. Classical - The period of music history which dates from the mid 1700’s to mid 1800’s. The music was spare and emotionally reserved, especially when compared to Romantic and Boroque music. Classicism - The period of music history which dates from the mid 1800’s and lasted about sixty years. There was a strong regard for order and balance. Clavier - The keyboard of a stringed instrument. Clef - In sheet music, a symbol at the beginning of the staff defining the pitch of the notes found in that particular staff. Coda - Closing section of a movement. Concert master - The first violin in an orchestra. Concerto - A composition written for a solo instrument. The soloist plays the melody while the orchestra plays the accompaniment. Conductor - One who directs a group of performers. The conductor indicates the tempo, phrasing, dynamics, and style by gestures and facial expressions. Consonance - Groups of tones that are harmonious when sounded together as in a chord. Contralto - Lowest female singing voice. Counterpoint - Two or three melodic lines played at the same time. Courante - A piece of music written in triple time. Also an old French dance. Da Capo - In sheet music, an instruction to repeat the beginning of the piece before stopping on the final chord. Deceptive cadence - A chord progression that seems to lead to resolving itself on the final chord; but does not. Development - Where the musical themes and melodies are developed, written in sonata form. Dissonance - Harsh, discordant, and lack of harmony. Also a chord that sounds incomplete until it resolves itself on a harmonious chord. Drone - Dull, monotonous tone such as a humming or buzzing sound. Also a bass note held under a melody. Duet - A piece of music written for two vocalists or instrumentalists. Dynamics - Pertaining to the loudness or softness of a musical composition. Also the symbols in sheet music indicating volume. Elegy - An instrumental lament with praise for the dead. Encore - A piece of music played at the end of a recital responding to the audiences enthusiastic reaction to the performance, shown by continuous applause. Energico - A symbol in sheet music a direction to play energetically. Enharmonic Interval - Two notes that differ in name only. The notes occupy the same position. For example: C sharp and D flat. Ensemble - The performance of either all instruments of an orchestra or voices in a chorus. Espressivo - A direction to play expressively. Etude - A musical composition written solely to improve technique. Often performed for artistic interest. Exposition - The first section of a movement written in sonata form, introducing the melodies and themes. Expressionism - Atonal and violent style used as a means of evoking heightened emotions and states of mind. Falsetto - A style of male singing where by partial use of the vocal chords, the voice is able to reach the pitch of a female. Fermata - To hold a tone or rest held beyond the written value at the discretion of the performer. Fifth - The interval between two notes. Three whole tones and one semitone make up the distance between the two notes. Finale - Movement or passage that concludes the musical composition. Flat - A symbol indicating that the note is to be diminished by one semitone. Form - The structure of a piece of music. Forte - A symbol indicating to play loud. Fourth - The interval between two notes. Two whole tones and one semitone make up the distance between the two notes. Fugue - A composition written for three to six voices. Beginning with the exposition, each voice enters at different times, creating counterpoint with one another. Galliard - Music written for a lively French dance for two performers written in triple time. Gavotte - A 17th century dance written in Quadruple time, always beginning on the third beat of the measure. Glee - Vocal composition written for three or more solo parts, usually without instrumental accompaniment. Glissando - Sliding between two notes. Grandioso - Word to indicate that the movement or entire composition is to be played grandly. Grave - Word to indicate the movement or entire composition is to be played very slow and serious. Grazioso - Word to indicate the movement or entire composition is to be played gracefully. Gregorian Chant - Singing or chanting in unison without strict rhythm. Collected during the Reign of Pope Gregory VIII for psalms and other other parts of the church service. Harmony - Pleasing combination of two or three tones played together in the background while a melody is being played. Harmony also refers to the study of chord progressions. Homophony - Music written to be sung or played in unison. Hymn - A song of praise and glorification. Most often to honor God. Impromptu - A short piano piece, often improvisational and intimate in character. Instrumentation - Arrangement of music for a combined number of instruments. Interlude - Piece of instrumental music played between scenes in a play or opera. Intermezzo - Short movement or interlude connecting the main parts of the composition. Interpretation - The expression the performer brings when playing his instrument. Interval - The distance in pitch between two notes. Intonation - The manner in which tones are produced with regard to pitch. Introduction - The opening section of a piece of music or movement. Key - System of notes or tones based on and named after the key note. Key signature - The flats and sharps at the beginning of each staff line indicating the key of music the piece is to be played. Klangfarbenmelodie - The technique of altering the tone color of a single note or musical line by changing from one instrument to another in the middle of a note or line. Leading note - The seventh note of the scale where there is a strong desire to resolve on the tonic. Legato - Word to indicate that the movement or entire composition is to be played smoothly. Leitmotif - A musical theme given to a particular idea or main character of an opera. Libretto - A book of text containing the words of an opera. Ligature - Curved line connecting notes to be sung or played as a phrase. Madrigal - A contrapuntal song written for at least three voices, usually without accompaniment. Maestro - Refers to any great composer, conductor, or teacher of music. Major - One of the two modes of the tonal system. Music written in major keys have a positive affirming character. March - A form of music written for marching in two-step time. Originally the march was used for military processions. Measure - The unit of measure where the beats on the lines of the staff are divided up into two, three, four beats to a measure. Medley - Often used in overtures, a composition that uses passages from other movements of the composition in its entirety. Mezzo - The voice between soprano and alto. Also, in sheet music, a direction for the tempo to be played at medium speed. Minor - One of the two modes of the tonal system. The minor mode can be identified by the dark, melancholic mood. Minuet - Slow and stately dance music written in triple time. Modes - Either of the two octave arrangements in modern music. The modes are either major or minor. Modulation - To shift to another key. Monotone - Repetition of a single tone. Motif - Primary theme or subject that is developed. Movement - A separate section of a larger composition. Musette - A Boroque dance with a drone-bass. Musicology - The study of forms, history, science, and methods of music. Natural - A symbol in sheet music that returns a note to its original pitch after it has been augmented or diminished. Neoclassical - Movement in music where the characteristics are crisp and direct. Nocturne - A musical composition that has a romantic or dreamy character with nocturnal associations. Nonet - A composition written for nine instruments. Notation - First developed in the 8th century, methods of writing music. Obbligato - An extended solo, often accompanying the vocal part of an aria. Octave - Eight full tones above the key note where the scale begins and ends. Octet - A composition written for eight instruments. Opera - A drama where the words are sung instead of spoken. Operetta - A short light musical drama. Opus - Convenient method of numbering a composer’s works where a number follows the word “opus”. For example, Opus 28, No. 4. Oratorio - An extended cantata on a sacred subject. Orchestra - A large group of instrumentalists playing together. Orchestration - Arranging a piece of music for an orchestra. Also, the study of music. Ornaments - Tones used to embellish the principal melodic tone. Ostinato - A repeated phrase. Overture - Introduction to an opera or other large musical work. Parody - A composition based on previous work. A common technique used in Medieval and Renaissance music. Part - A line in a contrapuntal work performed by an individual voice or instrument. Partial - A harmonic given off by a note when it is played. Partita - Suite of Baroque dances. Pastoral - A composition whose style is simple and idyllic; suggestive of rural scenes. Pentatonic Scale - A musical scale having five notes. For example: the five black keys of a keyboard make up a pentatonic scale. Phrase - A single line of music played or sung. A musical sentence. Piano - An instruction in sheet music to play softly. Abbreviated by a “p”. Pitch - The frequency of a note determining how high or low it sounds. Pizzicato - String instruments that are picked instead of bowed. Polyphony - Combining a number of individual but harmonizing melodies. Also known as counterpoint. Polytonality - Combination of two or more keys being played at the same time. Portamento - A mild glissando between two notes for an expressive effect. Prelude - A short piece originally preceded by a more substantial work, also an orchestral introduction to opera, however not lengthy enough to be considered an overture. Presto - A direction in sheet music indicating the tempo is to be very fast. Progression - The movement of chords in succession. Quadrille - A 19th century square dance written for 4 couples. Quartet - A set of four musicians who perform a composition written for four parts. Quintet - A set of five musicians who perform a composition written for five parts. Recapitulation - A reprise. Recital - A solo concert with or without accompaniment. Recitative - A form of writing for vocals that is close to the manner of speech and is rhythmically free. Reed - The piece of cane in wind instruments. The players cause vibrations by blowing through it in order to produce sound. Refrain - A repeating phrase that is played at the end of each verse in the song. Register - A portion of the range of the instrument or voice. Relative major and minor - The major and minor keys that share the same notes in that key. For example: A minor shares the same note as C major. Relative pitch - Ability to determine the pitch of a note as it relates to the notes that precede and follow it. Renaissance - A period in history dating from the 14th to 16th centuries. This period signified the rebirth of music, art, and literature. Reprise - To repeat a previous part of a composition generally after other music has been played. Requiem - A dirge, hymn, or musical service for the repose of the dead. Resonance - When several strings are tuned to harmonically related pitches, all strings vibrate when only one of the strings is struck. Rhythm - The element of music pertaining to time, played as a grouping of notes into accented and unaccented beats. Ricercar - Elaborate polyphonic composition of the Boroque and Renaissance periods. Rigaudon - A quick 20th century dance written in double time. Rococo - A musical style characterized as excessive, ornamental, and trivial. Romantic - A period in history during the 18th and early 19th centuries where the focus shifted from the neoclassical style to an emotional, expressive, and imaginative style. Rondo - A musical form where the principal theme is repeated several times. The rondo was often used for the final movements of classical sonata form works. Root - The principal note of a triad. Round - A canon where the melody is sung in two or more voices. After the first voice begins, the next voice starts singing after a couple of measures are played in the preceding voice. All parts repeat continuously. Rubato - An important characteristic of the Romantic period. It is a style where the strict tempo is temporarily abandoned for a more emotional tone. Scale - Successive notes of a key or mode either ascending or descending. Scherzo - Pertaining to the sonata form, a fast movement in triple time. Scordatura - The retuning of a stringed instrument in order to play notes below the ordinary range of the instrument or to produce an usual tone color. Septet - A set of seven musicians who perform a composition written for seven parts. Sequence - A successive transposition and repetition of a phrase at different pitches. Serenade - A lighthearted piece, written in several movements, usually as background music for a social function. Sextet - A set of six musicians who perform a composition written for six parts. Sharp - A symbol indicating the note is to be raised by one semitone. Slide - A glissando or portamento. Also refers to the moving part of a trombone. Slur - A curve over notes to indicate that a phrase is to be played legato. Sonata - Music of a particular form consisting of four movements. Each of the movements differ in tempo, rhythm, and melody; but are held together by subject and style. Sonata form - A complex piece of music. Usually the first movement of the piece serving as the exposition, a development, or recapitulation. Sonatina - A short or brief sonata. Song cycle - A sequence of songs, perhaps on a single theme, or with texts by one poet, or having continuos narrative. Soprano - The highest female voice. Staccato - Short detached notes, as opposed to legato. Staff - Made up of five horizontal parallel lines and the spaces between them on which musical notation is written. Stretto - Pertaining to the fugue, the overlapping of the same theme or motif by two or more voices a few beats apart. String Quartet - A group of 4 instruments, two violins, a viola, and cello. Suite - A loose collection of instrumental compositions. Symphony - Three to four movement orchestral piece, generally in sonata form. System - A combination of two or more staves on which all the notes are vertically aligned and performed simultaneously in differing registers and instruments. Tablature - A system of notation for stringed instruments. The notes are indicated by the finger positions. Temperament - Refers to the tuning of an instrument. Tempo - Indicating speed. Tessitura - The range of an instrumental or a vocal part. Theme - A melodic or, sometimes a harmonic idea presented in a musical form. Timbre - Tone color, quality of sound that distinguishes one verse or instrument to another. It is determined by the harmonies of sound. Time Signature - A numeric symbol in sheet music determining the number of beats to a measure. Tonal - Pertains to tone or tones. Tonality - The tonal characteristics determined by the relationship of the notes to the tone. Tone - The intonation, pitch, and modulation of a composition expressing the meaning, feeling, or attitude of the music. Tone less - Unmusical, without tone. Tonic - The first tone of a scale also known as a keynote. Treble - The playing or singing the upper half of the vocal range. Also the highest voice in choral singing. Tremolo - Quick repetition of the same note or the rapid alternation between two notes. Triad - Three note chords consisting of a root, third, and fifth. Trill - Rapid alternation between notes that are a half tone or whole tone apart. Trio - A composition written for three voices and instruments performed by three persons. Triple time - Time signature with three beats to the measure. Triplet - Three notes played in the same amount of time as one or two beats. Tritone - A chord comprised of three whole tones resulting in an augmented fourth or diminished fifth. Tune - A rhythmic succession of musical tones, a melody for instruments and voices. Tuning - The raising and lowering a pitch of an instrument to produce the correct tone of a note. Tutti - Passage for the entire ensemble or orchestra without a soloist. Twelve-tone music - Music composed such that each note is used the same number of times. Unison - Two or more voices or instruments playing the same note simultaneously. Verismo - A form of Italian opera beginning at the end of the 19th century. The setting is contemporary to the composer’s own time, and the characters are modeled after every day life. Vibrato - Creating variation pitch in a note by quickly alternating between notes. Virtuoso - A person with notable technical skill in the performance of music. Vivace - Direction to performer to play a composition in a brisk, lively, and spirited manner. Voice - One of two or more parts in polyphonic music. Voice refers to instrumental parts as well as the singing voice. Waltz - A dance written in triple time, where the accent falls on the first beat of each measure. Whole note - A whole note is equal to 2 half notes, 4 quarter notes, 8 eighth notes, etc. Whole-tone scale - A scale consisting of only whole-tone notes. Such a scale consists of only 6 notes.

Excel macro for converting martif to xls

Sub mtf2xls()

Dim fs, a, strs, rets, langs(10)
Flag = 0
strs = InputBox("path to martif")
Set fs = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
Set f = fs.OpenTextFile(strs, 1, -2)
j = 0
Do While f.AtEndOfStream <> True
rets = f.ReadLine
lab1:
lgd = Len(rets)

If (Left(rets, 1) = " ") Then
lgk = lgd - 1
rets = Right(rets, lgk)
GoTo lab1
End If

If Left(rets, 10) = "<termEntry" Then
j = j + 1
Cells(j + 1, 1) = j
End If

wh = InStr(rets, "lang=")
If wh <> 0 Then
    wh = wh + 5
    asu = Asc(Mid(rets, wh, 1))
     
    we = wh
recog2:
    we = we + 1
        If (Asc(Mid(rets, we, 1)) <> asu) Then
            GoTo recog2
        End If
    lantx = Mid(rets, wh + 1, we - wh - 1)

    If numlan = 0 Then GoTo addlan2
    For k = 1 To numlan
    If lantx = langs(k) Then GoTo knownlan2
    Next k
addlan2:
    numlan = numlan + 1
    k = numlan
    langs(k) = lantx
    Cells(1, k + 1) = lantx
End If

knownlan2:
If Left(rets, 6) = "<term>" Then
    lgd = Len(rets)
    lgk = lgd - 13
    ttr = Mid(rets, 7, lgk)
    Cells(j + 1, k + 1) = ttr
End If

Loop
f.Close
Columns("A:K").AutoFit
End Sub

Tag Editor error -- window resizing

When you are no longer able to resize the Tag Editor window to work with Trados Workbench do this:
1. Go to Start > Run
2. Type "regedit"
3. Go to keyname HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Trados\TagEditor\Settings
4. Right click on this key and choose Export. Please choose a location to temporarily save a backup of this entry. Your Desktop is fine.
5. Delete the "Top", "Bottom", "Left" and "Right" entries from the right hand window.
6. Close the Registry Editor.

Please reopen TagEditor and you should now be able to maximise and minimise the TagEditor window. If this has worked successfully then feel free to delete the registry key backup which you made earlier.

How to Pronounce "the" in English

Normally, we pronounce "the" with a short sound (like "thuh"). But when "the" comes before a vowel sound, we pronounce it as a long "thee".

vowel sound	we write	we say
A	the apple	thee apple
E	the egg	thee egg
I	the ice-cream	thee ice-cream
O	the orange	thee orange
U	the ugli fruit	thee ugli fruit

It is important to understand that it is what we say that matters, not what we write. It is the sound that matters, not the letter used in writing a word. So we use a long "thee" before a vowel sound, not necessarily before a vowel. Look at these cases:

we write	with	we say	with
the house	consonant (h)	thuh house	consonant sound
the hour	consonant (h)	thee our	vowel sound
the university	vowel (u)	thuh youniversity	consonant sound
the umbrella	vowel (u)	thee umbrella	vowel sound

Emphatic the [thee]
When we wish to place emphasis on a particular word, we can use "emphatic the" [thee], whether or not the word begins with a consonant or vowel sound. For example:
A: I saw the [thuh] President yesterday.
B: What! The [thee] President of the United States?
A: Yes, exactly.

When to Say "a" or "an" 

The indefinite article is a or an. But how do we know when to say a and when to say an?
The rule is really very simple. It depends on the sound at the start of the following word. (It does not depend on the way we write the following word, it depends on the way we say it.)

A + consonant sound

If the following word starts with a consonant sound, then we say a.

a cat

a game of golf

a human emotion

a Peruvian

a very fat woman

AN + vowel sound

If the following word starts with a vowel sound, then we say an.

an apple

an extremely easy job

an interesting film

an old man

an umbrella

The importance of sound

Normally, we pronounce consonant letters with a consonant sound, and vowel letters with a vowel sound. But there are some exceptions. The rule about a or an is still the same. You just need to think about the sound, not the writing. Look at these examples:

consonant letter with vowel sound
an honest man	on-est
an hour	our
an FBI agent	eff-bee-eye

vowel letter with consonant sound
a European country	you-ro-pe-an
a one-day conference	won-day
a university	you-ni-ver-si-ty

• When the definite article (“the”) comes before a word that begins with a vowel, pronounce it like “thee.” E.g. “<thee> elephant”
• When “the” comes before a word that begins with a consonant, pronounce it like “thu” (with a schwa sound). E.g. “<thu> car”

If you emphasize “the,” it is often pronounced “thee,” even when it comes before a word beginning with a consonant. Try saying, “He is the master of English.” It comes out sounding like “thee,” doesn’t it?
One writer on a linguistics mailing list claims that some people pronounce “the” as “thu,” regardless of the word that follows. However, this pronunciation isn’t standard (when followed by a word beginning with a vowel). It might be attributable to a regional or class dialect, but I don’t know for sure.

You may find additional information at one of these places:

• The British Council: The United Kingdom’s international organisation for educational and cultural relations
• International EFL Cafe

How to Crack Password-protected Zip Files Using Linux

How to Crack Password-protected Zip Files Using Linux: In case you or your friend has forgotten the password of your password-protected .zip file that may contain important documents, music, or non-porn movies, there is really no need to worry as there are plenty of password crackers available out there. If you are using Linux, I highly recommend you download and use FCrackZip.

FCrackZip is a simple, fast, free, and easy-to-use zip cracker that is similar to fzc and zipcrack. Partially written in assembler, it uses brute force or dictionary based attacks to find the password. Although you will need the Linux terminal to use FCrackZip, a simple command is actually required to crack the zip password.

If you are using any popular or major Linux distribution, FCrackZip should be available on the software repository, and you could download it using the package manager. You may also download the latest version from HERE.

Since I'm using Ubuntu, I quickly installed FCrackZip from the command line using this command:

$ sudo apt-get install fcrackzip

After installing FCrackZip, you can either use brute force or dictionary mode to crack the password.

Here is a sample FCrackZip command one-liner using brute force:

$ fcrackzip -v -b -p aaaaaa -u your_zip_file.zip

From the screenshot above, you will see that I've successfully cracked a password protected zip file using the brute force method. From my experience, it took around 30 minutes to find password, but it is worth the wait. Source: http://www.junauza.com

Secure Mysql Database!

You can use robots.txt or the .htaccess file, so that google doesn’t index the mySQL inc files.
Type in Google the following sentence filetype:inc intext:mysql_connect
The result is a big list of web sites with the inc files indexed in google, with the username and password of the users of the databases, for example the root user. Beware!

Translating WordFast TXML in memoQ

WordFast as a Word add-on (currently version Classic) was always quite popular – it was not expensive, simple and fully compatible with Trados. However, last year the company released a completely new version – WordFast Pro is written from the ground up in Java, which makes it possible to use it on different operating systems (Windows, Linux, MacOS). The software works in table layout typical for all new CAT tools and is… quite specific. It does have a lot of fans, unfortunately I don’t like it (especially the terrible way it handles insertion of tags). Luckily, we don’t have to translate .txml files using WordFast, it can be done with memoQ. Below you’ll find the procedure step-by-step.

Recently I’m getting a lot of translations in WordFast Pro files. The first translation I did using WF demo and I didn’t liked it, so when I got the next ones, I looked for a way to process them in a much more comfortable environment, that is memoQ. As it came out, it isn’t so hard.
What do we need:

• WordFast Pro demo (not necessary, but recommended)
• Excel/Calc
• memoQ
• Word/Writer (optional)

I have divided the procedure into two parts: preparation of txml file and preparation of wordfast TM. Let’s start with the file preparation. If we don’t have a WordFast, it can be downloaded from here.

1. Open the file to translate (.txml) in the WordFast.

WordFast Pro window. Use Ctrl-Alt-Ins to copy all source language segments to target segments.
2. Use Ctrl-Alt-Ins to copy all source segments contents into target segments.
3. Save the file, close WordFast (repeat the procedure for additional files if necessary). If, for some reason, you don’t want or can’t use the WordFast demo, you can use the search/replace procedure described here.
4. Download this filter file and save it on your disc.
5. Start the memoQ.
6. From the Tools menu choose Resource console, then Filter configurations and Import new from the left pane. Select the file saved in step 4.
7. Create new project, in the Add document window select Add document as. You’ll have to switch file type filter in the lower part of the window from All supported files to All files (*.*). Select the txml file(s) saved in step 3.
8. In the Document import settings click the yellow folder icon (Load filter configuration) and select WordFast filter imported in step 6. The filter works by hiding the original source segments (<source>), displaying for edition target segments (<target>) and defining handling of WordFast tags. See picture below.
   

   TXML file imported to memoQ. Source segments (<source>) you can see in the preview pane below are hidden, you can translate only <target> segments.
   Tip: WordFast tags, displayed natively as consecutive numbers {1}, {2}, {3}, in memoQ are displayed as “inline” tags. By default you can insert them using F9 key, but in my there are more convenient key combinations, for example Ctrl-Alt-Down, like in Trados. To modify keyboard settings choose Tools > Resource console > Keyboard shortcuts > Clone (for the Default) > Edit.
9. After translation export the finished file using Export command. Excellent QA features of memoQ won’t allow you to export files with tags mismatch and will show you the affected segments (if any).
10. Just to be extra sure you can open the translated file in WordFast, to check if everything is OK.

Finished translation in WordFast. The percentage of TM substitutions are shown.

The procedure may seem complicated, especially at first, but after the software configuration, the preparation and file opening wont’ take much more time than in case of any other file format. The situations becomes a bit more complicated when along with TXML files client sends us a WordFast TM file with the .txt extension. To use this TM in memoQ we have to prepare it by removing unnecessary data and tags.

1. Open the TM file in Word (or OpenOffice Writer) (option). In the WF TM tags are encoded as &tA;, &tB;, &tC;, etc. It is possible to remove them all at once using Word. Open Search & Replace window (Ctrl-H), click More >> button and select Use wildcards. Enter \&t[A-Z]\; in the Find field. Leave the Replace field empty. Click Replace all button. Now deselect Use wildcards checkbox and replace &’A9; with ©, and &’AE; with ® (of course, if there are such strings in your TM. Save as text file using UTF-8 encoding.
2. Start Excel (or OpenOffice Calc), import the TM file by selecting Data > External data > From text. Choose Tab as a column separator and import the first row checkbox.
   

   Where to find a text import command.
3. Remove all columns except the ones with source and target texts. In the example above we have to remove columns A, B, C, D, F, H and I, leaving only E and G. As an alternative we can leave also column B, with the translators ID.
   

   WordFast TM file correctly imported into Excel.
4. Enter the language identifiers into first row of source and target columns. If necessary, we can add columns with additional information, like the translation author, domain, client, etc.
   

   File with unnecessary data removed and additional column added (in this case - translation agency name).
5. If step 1 was skipped, you have to remove tags – unfortunately, Excel requires removing them one by one, i.e. you have to enter manually all possible letter combinations (see step 1). Save the file: select round office button > Save as > Other formats > Unicode text. Close Excel.
6. In memoQ select an existing memory or create a new one. Choose the Import from TMX/CSV command. Select the file saved in step 5.
7. In the Translation memory CSV import settings window select proper settings:
   • File encoding – UTF-8
   • Delimiter – Tab
   • First row is header
   Select proper fields for Import as source segment (in this case, EN-US) and Import as target segment (in this case, PL). If there are additional fields (rows) to import, select them and choose proper option in the Import as other field field.
8. Voila.

If there are a lot of segments with tags in the WordFast TM, you’ll get several percent lower concordance matches in memoQ than in WordFast, but you’ll still gain by working in much more comfortable environment without having to buy just another CAT tool. Very similar procedure can be used to translate WordFast TXML files in Trados Studio 2009 – you can define an xml import file there as well. Source: http://hell.pl

Restore the Windows Boot Loader After an Ubuntu Update

Will your computer not boot into Windows after installing an update on your dual-boot or Wubi Ubuntu install?  Here’s how you can get your Windows boot loader back so you can easily get back to work in either OS.
We’ve mentioned before how Wubi is a great way to run Ubuntu on your Windows PC or netbook, and in general it works great.  However, sometimes your system may receive updates to GRUB, and if you choose the wrong option, the next time you reboot your computer you may find that it think there’s only Ubuntu and no Windows installed on your computer.

Or, perhaps, even more ominously, you boot your computer to see that it thinks it has no operating system.

Often, there’s no need to panic.  If you recently received an Ubuntu update, or somehow managed to mess up or remove your boot loader, it’s quick and easy to get it back using familiar Windows tools.  Here’s how.

Reinstall Your Windows Boot Loader From the Windows DVD

To get back into Windows, you’ll need to reinstall your Windows boot loader.  Thankfully this isn’t as difficult or time consuming as reinstalling Windows, but it will require your Windows DVD.  Boot your computer from the DVD, and if it doesn’t automatically offer to let you boot from the disk, you may need to change your boot settings in the BIOS.  You can usually access by pressing the F2, F10, or Delete key on the initial boot screen, depending on your computer.

Save the changes and reboot your computer from the Windows DVD.  After a few moments, you should see the install setup screen.  Select your preferred language, then click Next.

Your install disk is designed to install Windows on your computer, but also contains tools to help repair your existing Windows install.  On the bottom left of the Install window, click the Repair your computer link to get started repairing your current install of Windows.

System Recovery will automatically start scanning to see if there’s an existing Windows install with something it can easily fix automatically.  You may have to wait a few minutes while it scans your computer.

If your only problem is the boot loader, often it will automatically detect the problem and offer to fix it.  If so, simply click Repair and restart, and your computer should be booted back into Windows as normal within minutes.

Reinstall Your Boot Loader Manually From the Windows DVD

Alternately, if it doesn’t automatically detect anything to fix, you’ll have to choose your own recovery options.  Click the bullet option on the top then click Next to use recovery tools to fix Windows.

Now, select Command Prompt from the available recovery tools.

In the command prompt window, enter the following to repair your boot loader:

bootrec /rebuildbcd

After a few moments, it should detect your Windows installation and ask if you want to add it to the boot loader.  Enter Y to add it, then exit the command prompt and reboot your computer when you’re finished.

Moments later, you should see your standard Windows login screen as normal, and all of your files and programs should be fine and ready to use.

As you may notice, the option to boot into Ubuntu will no longer show up in your boot menu, and your computer will act like you only have Windows installed.  To get your Wubi Ubuntu or full Ubuntu install accessable from the boot loader again, you’ll need to restore it as well.  The easiest way is to Add Wubi Back to the Bootloader With EasyBCD.  Once you’ve done that, you should be back in business, ready to use Windows or Ubuntu as you need. Source: http://www.howtogeek.com